Max retries exceeded with url python ошибка

I’m trying to get the content of App Store > Business:

import requests
from lxml import html

page = requests.get("https://itunes.apple.com/in/genre/ios-business/id6000?mt=8")
tree = html.fromstring(page.text)

flist = []
plist = []
for i in range(0, 100):
    app = tree.xpath("//div[@class='column first']/ul/li/a/@href")
    ap = app[0]
    page1 = requests.get(ap)

When I try the range with (0,2) it works, but when I put the range in 100s it shows this error:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/preetham/Desktop/eg.py", line 17, in <module>
    page1 = requests.get(ap)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 55, in get
    return request('get', url, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 44, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 383, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 486, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 378, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='itunes.apple.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /in/app/adobe-reader/id469337564?mt=8 (Caused by <class 'socket.gaierror'>: [Errno -2] Name or service not known)

The “Max retries exceeded with url” error thrown sometimes by the requests library in Python falls under two classes of errors: requests.exceptions.ConnectionError (most common) and requests.exceptions.SSLError. In this article, we will discuss the causes of the error, how to reproduce it, and, importantly, how to solve the error.

The error occurs when the requests library cannot successfully send requests to the issued site. This happens because of different reasons. Here are the common ones. of them:

1. Wrong URL – A typo maybe (go to Solution 1),
2. Failure to verify SSL certificate (Solution 2),
3. Using requests with no or unstable internet connection (Solution 3), and
4. Sending too many requests or server too busy (Solution 4)

Wrong URL – A typo?

There is a chance that the URL you requested was incorrect. It could be distorted because of a typo. For example, suppose we want to send a get request to “https://www.example.com” (which is a valid URL), but instead, we issued the URL: “https://www.example.cojkm” (we used .cojkm in the domain extension instead of .com).

Output:

requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='www.example.cojkm', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7fd5b5d33100>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

Failure to verify the SSL certificate

The requests library, by default, implements SSL certificate verification to ensure you are making a secure connection. If the certificates can’t be verified, you end up with an error like this:

requests.exceptions.SSLError: [Errno 1] _ssl.c:503: error:14090086:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE:certificate verify failed

Using requests with no or unstable internet connection

The requests package sends and receives data via the web; therefore, the internet connection should be available and stable. If you have no or unstable internet, requests will throw an error like this:

Error: requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host=’www.example.com’, port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by NewConnectionError(‘<urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7f7f5fadb100>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution’))

Sending too many requests/ server overload

Some websites blocks connections when so many requests are made so fast. Another problem related to this is when the server is overloaded – managing a large number of connections at the same time. In this case, requests.get() throws an error like this:

requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='www.srgfesrsergserg.com', port=80): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x0000008EC69AAA90>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 11001] getaddrinfo failed'))

Solutions to requests Max Retries Exceeded With Url Error

In this section, we will cover some solutions to solve the “Max Retries Exceeded With Url” Error caused by the above reasons.

Solution 1: Double check URL

Ensure that you have a correct and valid URL. Consider a valid URL mentioned earlier: “https://www.example.com“. “Max retries exceeded with url” error mostly when incorrect edits are done around www and top-level domain name (e.g., .com).

Another error arises when the scheme/protocol (https) is incorrectly edited: requests.exceptions.InvalidSchema. If the second-level domain (in our case, “example”) is wrongly edited, we will be directed to a different website altogether, and if the site does not exist, we get a 404 response.

Other wrong URLS that leads to “Max retries exceeded with url” is “wwt.example.com” and “https://www.example.com “(a white space after .com).

Solution 2: Solving SSLError

As mentioned, the error is caused by an untrusted SSL certificate. The quickest fix is to set the attribute verify=False on requests.get(). This tells requests to send a request without verifying the SSL certificate.

Please be aware that the certificate won’t be verified; therefore, your application will be exposed to security threats like man-in-the-middle attacks. It is best to avoid this method for scripts used at the production level.

Solution 3: Solving the “Max retries exceeded with url” error related to an unstable connection

This solution fits cases when you have intermittent connection outages. In these cases, we want requests to be able to carry out many tries on requests before throwing an error. For this case, we can use two solutions:

• Issue timeout argument in requests.get(), or
• Retry connections on connections-related errors

Solution 3a: Issue timeout argument in requests.get()

If the server is overloaded, we can use a timeout to wait longer for a response. This will increase the chance of a request finishing successfully.

The code above will wait 7 seconds for the requests package to connect to the site and read the source.

Alternatively, you can pass a timeout as a 2-element tuple where the first element is connection timeout (time to establish a connection to the server) and the second value is read timeout (time allowed for the client to read data from the server)

When the above line is used, a connection must be established within 3 seconds, and data read within 7 seconds; otherwise, requests raise Timeout Error.

Solution 3b: Retry connections on connections-related errors

The requests use the Retry utility in urllib3 (urllib3.util.Retry) to retry connections. We will use the following code to send requests (explained after).

We have used the following parameters on urllib3.util.Retry class:

• connect – the number of connection-related tries. By default, send_request() will make 4 tries plus 1 (an original request which happens immediately).
• backoff_factor – determines delays between retries. The sleeping time is computed with the formula {backoff_factor} * (2 ^ ({retry_number} – 1)). We will work on an example for this argument when calling the function.
• status_forcelist – retry for all connections that resulted in 504, 503, 502, 400, and 429 status codes only (Read more about status codes in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes)

Let’s now call our function and time the execution.

Output:

200
Run time:  0.8597214221954346

The connection was completed successfully (status 200) taking 0.86 of a second to finish. To see the implementation of backoff, let’s try to send a request to a server that does not exist, catch an exception when it occurs and compute execution time.

Output:

Error Name:  ConnectionError
Error Message:  HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=80): Max retries exceeded with url: /6000 (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7f06a5862a00>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))
Run time:  12.61784315109253

After 4 retries (plus 1 original request) with a backoff_factor=0.9, the execution time was 12.6 seconds. Let’s use the formula we saw earlier to compute sleeping time.

sleeping_time = {backoff_factor} * (2 ^ ({retry_number} – 1))

There are 5 requests in total

• First request (which is made immediately) – 0 seconds sleeping,
• First retry ( which is also sent immediately after the failure of the first request) – 0 seconds sleeping,
• Second retry -> 0.9*(2^(2-1)) = 0.9*2 = 1.8 seconds of sleeping,
• Third retry -> 0.9*(2^(3-1)) = 0.9*4 = 3.6 seconds of sleeping time, and,
• Fourth retry -> 0.9*(2^(4-1)) = 0.9*8 = 7.2 seconds.

That is a total of 12.6 seconds of sleeping time implemented by urllib3.util.Retry. The actual execution time is 12.61784315109253 seconds. The 0.01784315109253 difference, which is not accounted for, is attributable to the DNC and general computer power latency.

Solution 4: Using headers when sending requests

Some websites blocks web crawlers. They notice that a bot is sending requests based on headers passed. For example, let’s run this code and turn on the verbose to see what happened behind the hoods.

Output (truncated):

send: b'GET / HTTP/1.1rnHost: www.example.comrnUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28.1rnAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflaternAccept: */*rnConnection: keep-alivernrn'
reply: 'HTTP/1.1 200 OKrn'

In that log, you can see that User-Agent is python-requests v2.28.1 and not a real browser. With such identification, you might get blocked and get the “Max retries exceeded with url” error. To avoid this, we need to pass our actual browser as a user-agent. You can go to the following link to get some headers: http://myhttpheader.com/. In that link, my user-agent is “Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0”. Let’s now use that user agent instead.

Output (truncated)

send: b'GET / HTTP/1.1rnHost: www.example.comrnUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0rnAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflaternAccept: */*rnConnection: keep-alivernrn'
reply: 'HTTP/1.1 200 OKrn'

Conclusion

The “Max retries exceeded with url” error is caused by an invalid URL, server overloading, failed SSL verification, unstable internet connection, and an attempt to send many requests to a server. In this article, we discussed solutions for all these problems using examples.

The key is always to understand the kind of error you have and then pick the appropriate solution.

Python is a simple, minimalistic, and easy-to-comprehend programming language that is globally-accepted and universally-used today. Its simple, easy-to-learn syntax can sometimes lead Python developers – especially those who are newer to the language – into missing some of its subtleties and underestimating the power of the diverse Python language.

One of the most popular error messages that new developers encounter when using requests library in Python is the “Max retries exceeded with URL” (besides timeout errors). While it seems simple, sometimes this somewhat vague error message can make even advanced Python developers scratching their head for a few good hours.

This article will show you what causes “Max retries exceeded with URL” error and a few ways to debug it.

Max retries exceeded with URL is a common error, you will encounter it when using requests library to make a request. The error indicates that the request cannot be made successfully. Usually, the verbose error message should look like the output below

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/nl/example.py", line 17, in <module>
    page1 = requests.get(ap)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 55, in get
    return request('get', url, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 44, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 383, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 486, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 378, in send
    raise ConnectionError(e)
requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='localhost.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api (Caused by <class 'socket.gaierror'>: [Errno -2] Name or service not known)Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Sometimes, the error message may look slightly different, like below :

requests.exceptions.ConnectionError(MaxRetryError("HTTPSConnectionPool(host='api.example.com', port=443): 
    Max retries exceeded with url: /api.json (
    Caused by <class 'socket.error'>: [Errno 10054] 
    An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host)",),)Code language: HTML, XML (xml)

requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8001): Max retries exceeded with url: /api (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x10f96ecc0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 61] Connection refused'))Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='www.example.com', port=80): Max retries exceeded with url: /api (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x0000008EC69AAA90>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 11001] getaddrinfo failed'))Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='example.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /api (Caused by SSLError(SSLEOFError(8, 'EOF occurred in violation of protocol (_ssl.c:997)')))Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

The error message usually begins with requests.exceptions.ConnectionError, which tell us that there is something bad happened when requests was trying to connect. Sometimes, the exception is requests.exceptions.SSLError which is obviously a SSL-related problem.

The exception then followed by a more detailed string about the error, which could be Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 61] Connection refused, [Errno 11001] getaddrinfo failed, [Errno 10054] An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host or [Errno -2] Name or service not known. These messages were produced by the underlying system library which requests called internally. Based on these texts, we can further isolate and fix the problems.

Double-check the URL

There are a possibility that your requested URL wrong. It may be malformed or leading to a non-existent endpoint. In reality, this is usually the case among Python beginners. Seasoned developers can also encounter this error, especially when the URL is parsed from a webpage, which can be a relative URL or schemeless URL.

One way to further debug this is to prepare the URL in advance, then print it before actually making a connection.

# ...
url = soup.find("#linkout").href
print(url) # prints out "/api" which is a non-valid URL
r = requests.get(url)Code language: PHP (php)

Unstable internet connection / server overload

The underlying problem may be related to your own connection or the server you’re trying to connect to. Unstable internet connection may cause packet loss between network hops, leading to unsuccessful connection. There are times the server has received so many requests that it cannot process them all, therefore your requests won’t receive a response.

In this case, you can try increasing retry attempts and disable keep-alive connections to see if the problems go away. The amount of time spent for each request will certainly increase too, but that’s a trade-off you must accept. Better yet, find a more reliable internet connection.

import requests
requests.adapters.DEFAULT_RETRIES = 5 # increase retries number
s = requests.session()
s.keep_alive = False # disable keep alive
s.get(url)Code language: PHP (php)

Increase request timeout

Another way that you can avoid “Max retries exceeded with URL” error, especially when the server is busy handling a huge number of connections, is to increase the amount of time requests library waits for a response from the server. In other words, you wait longer for a response, but increase the chance for a request to successfully finishes. This method can also be applied when the server is in a location far away from yours.

In order to increase request timeout, simply pass the time value in seconds to the get or post method :

r = requests.get(url, timeout=3)

You can also pass a tuple to timeout with the first element being a connect timeout (the time it allows for the client to establish a connection to the server), and the second being a read timeout (the time it will wait on a response once your client has established a connection).

If the request establishes a connection within 2 seconds and receives data within 5 seconds of the connection being established, then the response will be returned as it was before. If the request times out, then the function will raise a Timeout exception:

requests.get('https://api.github.com', timeout=(2, 5))Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Apply backoff factor

backoff_factor is an urllib3 argument, the library which requests relies on to initialize a network connection. Below is an example where we use backoff_factor to slow down the requests to the servers whenever there’s a failed one.

import requests
from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
from requests.packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry

session = requests.Session()
retry = Retry(connect=3, backoff_factor=1)
adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry)
session.mount('http://', adapter)
session.mount('https://', adapter)

session.get(url)Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

According to urllib3 documentation, backoff_factor is base value which the library use to calculate sleep interval between retries. Specifically, urllib3 will sleep for {backoff factor} * (2 ^ ({number of total retries} - 1)) seconds after every failed connection attempt.

For example, If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then sleep() will sleep for 0.0s, 0.2s, 0.4s, … between retries. By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0). It will also force a retry if the status code returned is 500, 502, 503 or 504.

You can customize Retry to have even more granular control over retries. Other notable options are:

• total – Total number of retries to allow.
• connect – How many connection-related errors to retry on.
• read – How many times to retry on read errors.
• redirect – How many redirects to perform.
• _methodwhitelist – Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
• _statusforcelist – A set of HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
• _backofffactor – A backoff factor to apply between attempts.
• _raise_onredirect – Whether, if the number of redirects is exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a response code in the 3xx range.
• raise_on_status – Similar meaning to _raise_onredirect: whether we should raise an exception, or return a response, if status falls in _statusforcelist range and retries have been exhausted.

We hope that the article helped you successfully debugged “Max retries exceeded with URL” error in Python requests library, as well as avoid encountering it in the future. We’ve also written a few other guides for fixing common Python errors, such as Timeout in Python requests, Python Unresolved Import in VSCode or “IndexError: List Index Out of Range” in Python. If you have any suggestion, please feel free to leave a comment below.

“ConnectionError: Max retries exceeded with url” is a common error in Python related to a connection error. The below explanations can help you know more about the cause of this error and solutions.

How does the error “Max retries exceeded with URL” happen?

“Max retries exceeded with URL” is a common error related to a connection error. You will encounter this situation while making requests using the requests library. 

This error indicates that the request could not be completed successfully. There can be no more connections since the server is overloaded. You need to verify that you can connect to the device causing the problems. There are five common cases:

1. The host is not listening on the port given
2. There are too many open HTTPconnections.
3. There is not enough RAM on the computer.
4. Another option is that the target website has blacklisted the IP as a result of the frequent requests.
5. The requested URL is incorrect.

In general, the detailed error message should resemble the following output. The word “requests.exceptions.ConnectionError” normally appears at the beginning of an error message, informing us that something went wrong when the request was attempting to connect. There are hence no general solutions because it depends on your error message.

The exception “requests.exceptions.SSLError” can occasionally appear, which is obviously an SSL-related problem. The error comes with a longer message text, potentially something like this: Unable to establish a new connection: Connection rejected or [Errno -2] Unknown name or service are also errors. These messages allow us to further identify and address the problem.

[Errno 61] Connection refused

Example

import requests	
response = requests.get("https://eu.httpbin.org/")
print(response.status_code)

The fact that the website eu.httpbin.org is not a secure HTTPS connection, and port 443 is of HTTPS, while port 80 is instead an HTTP one. One possible reason why this would happen is if the connection was attempted to port 443, but the host was not listening to it. In this case, consider listening on port 80 instead.

import requests	
response = requests.get("http://eu.httpbin.org/")
print(response.status_code)

[Errno -2] Name or service not known

Example

import requests
from lxml import html
page = requests.get("https://learnshareit.com")
tree = html.fromstring(page.text)

Your connection is being denied by the LearnshareIT server at this time (you had sent too many requests from the same IP address in a short period of time). The error log can be understood as “The connection could not be established as the intended machine actively rejected it. To fix this, please read the two approaches below.

Method 1: Let enough time between queries to the server

You must let enough time for queries to the server, which may be done using Python’s sleep() (time in sec) function (remember to import sleep)

import time
 
page = ''
while page == '':
    try:
        page = requests.get("https://learnshareit.com")
        break
    except:
        print("Error.Waiting 6s")
        time.sleep(6)
        print("Now try reconnecting")
        continue

Method 2: Disable SSL verification

Another way to fix this problem is to disable SSL verification.  You should also use try catch exceptions like 1st method to make sure not to send too many requests:

import requests
page = requests.get("https://learnshareit.com", verify=False)

Summary

The error ConnectionError: Max retries exceeded with url occurs when too many failed requests have been made. To help with this situation, make sure you are connecting to the correct URL and remember to leave a sleep time for your requests before continuing to retry.

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