Mysql проверка таблиц на ошибки

Программа mysqlcheck используется для проверки целостности (-c, -m, -C), восстановления (-r), анализа (-a) или оптимизации (-o) таблиц базы данных MySQL. Некоторые опции (например -e и -q) могут использоваться одновременно.

Не все опции поддерживаются различными движками MySQL. Опции -c, -r, -a и -o взаимоисключаемые, что означает, что будет применена последняя указанная опция.

Если не указано ничего, то будет применена опция -c. Альтернативами (синонимами) являются:

mysqlrepair: опция по умолчанию -r
mysqlanalyze: опция по умолчанию -a
mysqloptimize: опция по умолчанию -o

Использование:

mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] database [tables]

или:

 mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] --databases DB1 [DB2 DB3...]

или

mysqlcheck -uлогин -pпароль [--auto-repair] [--check] [--optimize] [--all-databases] [имя_базы_данных]

Опции:

-A, --all-databases

Проверить все базы данных. Аналогична опции —databases, если указать все базы данных.

-1, --all-in-1

Вместо выполнения запросов для каждой таблицы в отдельности выполнить все запросы в одном отдельно для каждой таблицы. Имена таблиц будут представлены в виде списка имен, разделенных запятой.

-a, --analyze

Анализировать данные таблицы.

--auto-repair

Если проверенная таблица повреждена, автоматически восстановить ее. Исправления будут произведены после проверки всех таблиц, если были обнаружены повреждения.

-#, --debug=...

Выводит информацию журнала отладки. Часто используется следующий набор параметров: ‘d:t:o,filename’

--character-sets-dir=...

Директория, где находятся установки символов.

-c, --check

Проверить таблицу на наличие ошибок.

-C, --check-only-changed

Проверить только таблицы, измененные со времени последней проверки или некорректно закрытые.

--compress

Использовать сжатие данных в протоколе сервер/клиент.

-?, --help

Вывести данную вспомогательную информацию и выйти из программы.

-B, --databases

Проверить несколько баз данных. Обратите внимание на разницу в использовании: в этом случае таблицы не указываются. Все имена аргументов рассматриваются как имена баз данных.

--default-character-set=...

Установить набор символов по умолчанию.

-F, --fast

Проверить только базы данных, которые не были закрыты должным образом.

-f, --force

Продолжать даже при получении ошибки SQL.

-e, --extended

При использовании данного параметра совместно с CHECK TABLE можно быть уверенным в целостности таблицы. Если же использовать этот параметр с REPAIR TABLE, запустится расширенное восстановление таблицы.

-h, --host=...

Хост базы данных.

-m, --medium-check

Быстрее, чем —extended-check, но находит только 99,99 процентов всех ошибок.

-o, --optimize

Оптимизировать таблицу.

-p, --password[=...]

Используемый пароль при подключении к серверу. Если пароль не указан, у пользователя запрашивается пароль с терминала.

-P, --port=...

Номер порта, используемого для подключения по TCP/IP.

--protocol=(TCP | SOCKET | PIPE | MEMORY)

Для указания протокола соединения, который надлежит использовать.

-q, --quick

При использовании данной опции совместно с CHECK TABLE предотвращается сканирование строк для корректировки неправильных связей. Это наиболее быстрый метод проверки. Если же использовать этот параметр с REPAIR TABLE, программа попытается восстановить только систему индексов. Это наиболее быстрый метод восстановления таблицы.

-r, --repair

Может исправить почти все, за исключением уникальных ключей, имеющих дубликаты.

-s, --silent

Выводить только сообщения об ошибках.

-S, --socket=...

Файл сокета, используемый для подсоединения.

--tables

Перекрывает опцию —databases (-B).

-u, --user=#

Имя пользователя MySQL, если этот пользователь в данное время не является активным.

-v, --verbose

Вывести информацию о различных этапах.

-V, --version

Вывести информацию о версии и выйти из программы.

How to check and repair MySQL Databases

You will need know how to check and repair MySQL databases or tables when you troubleshoot your website as they may have become corrupt. The mysqlcheck command is a maintenance tool that can be used to check, repair, analyze and optimize multiple tables from the command line. One of the best features of using mysqlcheck is that you don’t need to stop the MySQL service to perform the database maintenance.

In this tutorial, we will show you how to check/repair MySQL databases and tables.

Note : It is recommended to take a backup of your databases before performing a database repair operation.

Basic Syntax of mysqlcheck

A basic syntax of mysqlcheck is shown below:

mysqlcheck [OPTION] DATABASENAME TABLENAME -u root -p

A brief explanation of each option that you can use with mysqlcheck as shown below:

-c : Used to check a table for errors

-C : Used to check a tables that are changed after last week.

-a : Used to analyze tables.

-A : Used to check all databases.

-g : Used to check tables for version-dependent changes.

-B, –databases : Used to specify multiple databases.

-F : Used to check tables that are not closed properly.

–fix-db-names : Used to fix the database name.

–fix-table-names : Used to fix the table name.

–e : Used to perform an extended check.

-r : Used to repair corrupt table.

Check a Specific Table in a MySQL Database

In some cases, you need to check a specific table in a specific database. In that case, you can use the following syntax:

mysqlcheck -c databasename tablename -u root -p

For example, checks authors table in books database by running the following command:

mysqlcheck -c books authors -u root -p

You should get the following output:

 books.authors                                      OK

Check All Tables in a MySQL Database

If you want to check all the tables in a specific database use the following syntax:

mysqlcheck -c databasename -u root -p

For example, check all tables in books database by running the following command:

mysqlcheck -c books -u root -p

You should get the following output:

 Enter password:  
 books.accountant                                   OK
 books.authors                                      OK
 books.writer                                       OK 

Check and Optimize All Tables and All MySQL Databases

You can check all tables and all databases using the following command:

mysqlcheck -c -u root -p --all-databases

Output:

 Enter password:  
 books.accountant                                   OK
 books.authors                                      OK
 books.writer                                       OK
 guest.MyGuests                                     OK
 movies.netflix                                     OK
 mysql.columns_priv                                 OK
 mysql.component                                    OK
 mysql.db                                           OK
 mysql.default_roles                                OK
 mysql.engine_cost                                  OK
 mysql.func                                         OK
 mysql.general_log                                  OK
 mysql.global_grants                                OK
 mysql.gtid_executed                                OK
 mysql.help_category                                OK
 mysql.help_keyword                                 OK
 mysql.help_relation                                OK
 mysql.help_topic                                   OK
 mysql.innodb_index_stats                           OK
 mysql.innodb_table_stats                           OK
 mysql.password_history                             OK
 mysql.plugin                                       OK
 mysql.procs_priv                                   OK
 mysql.proxies_priv                                 OK
 mysql.role_edges                                   OK
 mysql.server_cost                                  OK
 mysql.servers                                      OK
 mysql.slave_master_info                            OK
 mysql.slave_relay_log_info                         OK
 mysql.slave_worker_info                            OK

You can optimize all tables and all databases using the following command:

mysqlcheck -o root -p --all-databases

Output:

 Enter password:  
 books.accountant
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 books.authors
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 books.writer
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 guest.MyGuests
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 movies.netflix
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 mysql.columns_priv
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 mysql.component
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 mysql.db
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 mysql.default_roles
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK
 mysql.engine_cost
 note     : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
 status   : OK

In the above output, you should see “Table does not support optimize” which means the InnoDB table that doesn’t support this option.

Repair MySQL Databases

To repair accountant tables in books database run the following command:

mysqlcheck -r books accountant -u root -p

Output:

 mysqlcheck -r books accountant -u root -p
 Enter password:  
 books.accountant                                   OK 

To repair all tables in both books and movies database run the following command:

mysqlcheck -r --databases books movies -u root -p

Output:

 Enter password:  
 books.accountant                                   OK
 books.authors                                      OK
 books.writer                                       OK
 movies.netflix                                     OK

To check and repair all tables in all databases run the following command:

mysqlcheck --auto-repair --all-databases -u root -p

Output:

 Enter password:  
 books.accountant                                   OK
 books.authors                                      OK
 books.writer                                       OK
 guest.MyGuests                                     OK
 movies.netflix                                     OK
 mysql.columns_priv                                 OK
 mysql.component                                    OK
 mysql.db                                           OK
 mysql.default_roles                                OK
 mysql.engine_cost                                  OK
 mysql.func                                         OK
 mysql.general_log                                  OK
 mysql.global_grants                                OK
 mysql.gtid_executed                                OK
 mysql.help_category                                OK
 mysql.help_keyword                                 OK
 mysql.help_relation                                OK
 mysql.help_topic                                   OK
 mysql.innodb_index_stats                           OK
 mysql.innodb_table_stats                           OK
 mysql.password_history                             OK
 mysql.plugin                                       OK
 mysql.procs_priv                                   OK
 mysql.proxies_priv                                 OK
 mysql.role_edges                                   OK
 mysql.server_cost                                  OK
 mysql.servers                                      OK
 mysql.slave_master_info                            OK
 mysql.slave_relay_log_info                         OK
 mysql.slave_worker_info                            OK
 mysql.slow_log                                     OK
 mysql.tables_priv                                  OK
 mysql.time_zone                                    OK
 mysql.time_zone_leap_second                        OK
 mysql.time_zone_name                               OK
 mysql.time_zone_transition                         OK
 mysql.time_zone_transition_type                    OK

Important note: InnoDB storage engine does not support repair. So you will need to change MySQL storage engine from InnoDB to MyISAM.

Check, Repair and Optimize MySQL Database with PHPMyAdmin

You can also check, repair and optimize tables and databases using the PHPMyAdmin web interface.

You can follow the below steps to check, repair and optimize tables and databases:

1- Open the phpMyAdmin tool through a web browser as shown below:

2- Select the affected database in the left pane. You should see all the tables in the right pane in the following screen:

3- Click Check All to select all the tables. At the bottom of the window, choose Check Table from the menu. You should see a summary of the tables in the following screen:

4- To repair the table, Check All to select all the tables and choose Repair Table from the menu. You should see the following page:

Then you should get a confirmation that the command been executed successfully:

5- To optimize the table, Check All to select all the tables and choose Optimize Table from the menu. You should see the following page:

Then you should get a confirmation that the command been executed successfully:

Conclusion

In the above tutorial, we learned how to check and repair MySQL table using mysqlcheck command-line tool. We also learned how to check, repair and optimize database tables using the PHPMyAdmin web interface. I hope you can now easily fix your corrupted tables using this tool.

mysqlcheck offers an efficient way to perform maintenance of tables and databases in MySQL. It can check tables, repair them if found corrupt, optimize them and perform combined operations of checking, repairing, and optimizing altogether. mysqlcheck command-line utility in MySQL is intended to be used when the mysqld server is running. It can execute CHECK TABLE, REPAIR TABLE, ANALYZE TABLE and OPTIMIZE TABLE statements in the most convenient way for the user.

In this blog, we explore the different ways of using mysqlcheck command line for checking, repairing, and optimizing tables and databases in MySQL. Start verifying and taking corrective actions for your tables and databases using this guide. 

Table of Contents

• What is MySQL?
  • Business Benefits of Using MySQL
• What is mysqlcheck Client?
  • mysqlcheck Command
• Using mysqlcheck for MySQL Database Tables
  • Part 1: Creating a MySQL Database Back-Up
  • Part 2: Running mysqlcheck Command
    • Running mysqlcheck to Analyze a Table in MySQL Database
    • Running mysqlcheck to Repair Tables in a MySQL Database
    • Running mysqlcheck to Optimize Tables in a MySQL Database
  • Part 3: Using mysqlcheck in Compound Commands
    • Running mysqlcheck to Optimize and Repair Tables in a MySQL Database
  • Part 4: mysqlcheck Command Modifications
• Conclusion

What is MySQL?

MySQL is the world’s most popular Open Source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) used by all types of Small and Medium-Size Businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises. MySQL was initially developed, marketed, and supported by MySQL AB, a Swedish company but later got acquired by Sun Microsoft Systems (currently known as Oracle Corporation). Just like other typical databases, MySQL can store user/business/customer information in the form of rows and columns in a table. It provides referential integrity between rows and columns of various tables and processes user requests using SQL. 

MySQL holds a highly regarded name in businesses working with databases and Cloud-based Data Warehousing solutions. It’s scalable, reliable, and user-friendly. It also works cross-platform which means that users can run MySQL on Linux and Windows, and restore backups from the other platform. 

Business Benefits of Using MySQL

MySQL is popular all over the world and is used by leading tech giants owing to the following reasons:

Easy to Install and Deploy

Businesses can set up and run SQL queries on their data using MySQL in minutes. MySQL enables them to deliver new applications faster than proprietary databases.

High Speed

It’s a no-brainer that if you are working with large datasets, you wouldn’t want to spend an extensive amount of time working with datasets and tables. Unlike other databases, MySQL is comparatively faster and can query information from large datasets helping in business intelligence activities.

Read more on the top 10 MySQL ETL tools for your business here. 

Industry Standards

Whether you are a developer who is required for rapid development of software or a freelancer who seeks to work with databases, MySQL has been in use for over 20 years and you can be sure of using MySQL as a fully integrated transaction-safe, ACID-compliant database.

Reliability and High Availability

MySQL has a well-established reputation for reliability among its 5 million user base. In addition to reliability, MySQL Cluster gives 99.999 percent availability.

Multiple Platform Support

MySQL can be used on 20 platforms including Linux, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, Windows, and Mac OS X. This provides organizations with complete flexibility in delivering a solution on the platform of their choice.

What is mysqlcheck Client?

mysqlcheck is a table maintenance program to check, repair, optimize, or analyze multiple tables from the command line. It works with InnoDB, MyISAM, and ARCHIVE tables and provides three levels of checking:

• Table-specific
• Database-specific
• All databases

mysqlcheck table client for MySQL consists of four SQL statements to perform the table maintenance action:

• CHECK TABLE, 
• REPAIR TABLE, 
• ANALYZE TABLE, and 
• OPTIMIZE TABLE

While performing table repair or analysis, it is important to bear in mind that table maintenance operations like mysqlcheck can become time-consuming processes especially when you have a large number of entries in your tables. If you use the –databases or –all-databases option to process all tables in one or more databases, a mysqlcheck call might take you a long time to complete. 

Note: For performing mysqlcheck operation, you must run the mysqld server. This means that you do not have to stop the server to perform table maintenance. mysqlcheck is different from myisamchk and aria_chk utilities that don’t require the server to be running.

mysqlcheck Command

There are three ways to use mysqlcheck command-line tool:

./client/mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] database [tables]
./client/mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] --databases DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
./client/mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] --all-databases

Using mysqlcheck for MySQL Database Tables

Important Note: Before we proceed with table check, repair, or analysis operations, it’s best advised to create a backup of your table(s), for some circumstances might lead to a potential data loss. 

As a result, we’ve split this tutorial into four sections for your convenience:

• Part 1: Creating a MySQL Database Back-Up
• Part 2: Running mysqlcheck Command
• Part 3: Using mysqlcheck in Compound Commands
• Part 4: mysqlcheck Command Modifications

Part 1: Creating a MySQL Database Back-Up

To create a backup of all your existing MySQL databases, follow these steps:

Step 1: Log in to your MySQL server using Secure Shell (SSH).

Step 2: Stop MySQL server using the appropriate command based on your Linux distribution:

For CentOS and Fedora, type:

service mysqld stop

For Debian and Ubuntu, type:

service mysql stop

Step 3: Input the following command to copy all of your databases to a directory name based on the current time.

cp -rfv /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql$(date +%s)

Step 4: Restart MySQL server with the command appropriate for your Linux distribution:

For CentOS and Fedora, type:

service mysqld start

For Debian and Ubuntu, type:

service mysql start

Part 2: Running mysqlcheck Command

To use the mysqlcheck table command and check tables, follow these steps:

Step 1: As an administrator, change your directory to MySQL Data Directory.

cd /var/lib/mysql

Step 2: Now type in the mysqlcheck command to check for an existing table in a database. In our example, we are checking for a table called “email” under the database “customers”.

$ mysqlcheck -c customers email
customers.email                         OK

Notice our result. If a table passes the check, mysqlcheck displays OK for the table.

Not only this, mysqlcheck command can be used to CHECK (-c, -m, -C), REPAIR (-r), ANALYZE (-a), or OPTIMIZE (-o) table within your databases. The -c, -r, -a, and -o options work exclusively.

Some of the options (like -e (–extended) or -q (–quick)) can also be used at the same time but not all options are supported by all storage engines.

Running mysqlcheck to Analyze a Table in MySQL Database

As an example, the following command analyzes the “email” table within our “customers” database:

$ mysqlcheck -a customers email
customers.email                         OK

Running mysqlcheck to Repair Tables in a MySQL Database

The following command repairs all tables in the “customers” and “leads” databases:

$ mysqlcheck -r --databases customers leads

Note: If you see a note stating: The storage engine for the table doesn’t support repair it means that you are doing REPAIR on an InnoDB.

Running mysqlcheck to Optimize Tables in a MySQL Database

The following mysqlcheck database command optimizes all tables in all your MySQL databases.

$ mysqlcheck -o --all-databases

For user reference, this is a table showcasing the most used options for the mysqlcheck database command.

Option	Description
-c, –check	Check the tables for errors
-a, –analyze	Analyze the tables
-o, –optimize	Optimize the tables
-r, –repair	Perform a repair that can fix almost anything except unique keys that are not unique
–auto-repair	If a checked table is corrupted, automatically fix it
-A, –all-databases	Check all tables in all databases. This is the same as –databases with all databases selected
-B, –databases	Process all tables in the named databases. With this option, all name arguments are regarded as database names, not as table names
–tables	Overrides the –databases or -B option such that all name arguments following the option are regarded as table names
-g, –check-upgrade	Check tables for version-dependent changes. It may be used with –auto-repair to correct tables requiring version-dependent updates
–compress	Compress all information sent between client and server
–debug-info	Print debugging information, memory, and CPU statistics when the program exits
-e, -–extended	Check and repair tables
-q, –quick	The fastest method of checking
-?, –help	Display a help message and exit

A more extensive list of other mysqlcheck database command options can be found on this page.

Likewise, these mysqlcheck table/database options can be combined together to perform a joint operation. Have a look at how this can be performed in the following section.

Part 3: Using mysqlcheck in Compound Commands

The mysqlcheck command-line utility can be extended for giving compound commands. For instance, let’s assume a case where there is a need to repair and optimize the “email” table from our previously stated “customer” database. 

mysqlcheck table command options like  -c (check), -r (repair), -a (analyze), and -o (optimize) options work exclusively and can be used concurrently in the same mysqlcheck command.

Running mysqlcheck to Optimize and Repair Tables in a MySQL Database

The following mysqlcheck command checks, optimizes, and auto-repairs all corrupted tables in the “customer” database. The auto repair option automatically fixes a checked table if found corrupted.

$ mysqlcheck --auto-repair -o customers

And the following mysqlcheck command optimizes and auto-repairs all tables in all your MySQL databases.

$ mysqlcheck --auto-repair -o --all-databases

Part 4: mysqlcheck Command Modifications

The command mysqlcheck can be altered, changing its default behavior from checking tables (–check) to repairing or optimizing tables. This can be done by changing the binary “check” and replacing it with “repair”, or “analyze”, or “optimize”.

These are the commands you get after substitution:

Command	Meaning
mysqlrepair	The default option is –repair
mysqlanalyze	The default option is –analyze
mysqloptimize	The default option is –optimize

All these commands when invoked would perform the same operation as mysqlcheck -[option] when used. 

If you would like to learn about MySQL database export command-line utility, see our blog on MySQL Export Database Command Line: 3 Easy Methods. If you would like to know more about MySQL Analytics tools, visit our other informative blog here- MySQL Analytics Tools: A Quick Guide.

Conclusion

mysqlcheck table/database commands are ideal for automated optimizations of MySQL databases and tables. The more your database expands and the number of tables increases, the more likely it is that your tables/databases will encounter mistakes from time to time. In those circumstances, mysqlcheck can be a lifesaver.

Managing growing databases and the number of associated processes like business analytics isn’t an easy job. We find numerous business teams trapped and trying to figure out how to examine their data in a timely and efficient manner. One way of doing this is migrating your data to a Cloud-based Data Warehouse. But what if we told you that you can manage all your source connections from a single place? 

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Share your most frequently used MySQL commands, as well as those for your tables and databases. Suggest to us any more MySQL topics you’d like us to cover in the comments below. We’d appreciate hearing from you.

When your mysql table gets corrupted, use mysqlcheck command to repair it.

Mysqlcheck command checks, repairs, optimizes and analyzes the tables.

1. Check a Specific Table in a Database

If your application gives an error message saying that a specific table is corrupted, execute the mysqlcheck command to check that one table.

The following example checks employee table in thegeekstuff database.

# mysqlcheck -c thegeekstuff employee -u root -p
Enter password:
thegeekstuff.employee    OK

You should pass the username/password to the mysqlcheck command. If not, you’ll get the following error message.

# mysqlcheck -c thegeekstuff employee
mysqlcheck: Got error: 1045: Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO) when trying to connect

Please note that myisamchk command that we discussed a while back works similar to the mysqlcheck command. However, the advantage of mysqlcheck command is that it can be executed when the mysql daemon is running. So, using mysqlcheck command you can check and repair corrupted table while the database is still running.

2. Check All Tables in a Database

To check all the tables in a particular database, don’t specify the table name. Just specify the database name.

The following example checks all the tables in the alfresco database.

# mysqlcheck -c alfresco  -u root -p
Enter password:
alfresco.JBPM_ACTION                               OK
alfresco.JBPM_BYTEARRAY                            OK
alfresco.JBPM_BYTEBLOCK                            OK
alfresco.JBPM_COMMENT                              OK
alfresco.JBPM_DECISIONCONDITIONS                   OK
alfresco.JBPM_DELEGATION                           OK
alfresco.JBPM_EVENT                                OK
..

3. Check All Tables and All Databases

To check all the tables and all the databases use the “–all-databases” along with -c option as shown below.

# mysqlcheck -c  -u root -p --all-databases
Enter password:
thegeekstuff.employee                              OK
alfresco.JBPM_ACTION                               OK
alfresco.JBPM_BYTEARRAY                            OK
alfresco.JBPM_BYTEBLOCK                            OK
..
..
mysql.help_category
error    : Table upgrade required. Please do "REPAIR TABLE `help_category`" or dump/reload to fix it!
mysql.help_keyword
error    : Table upgrade required. Please do "REPAIR TABLE `help_keyword`" or dump/reload to fix it!
..

If you want to check all tables of few databases, specify the database names using “–databases”.

The following example checks all the tables in thegeekstuff and alfresco database.

# mysqlcheck -c  -u root -p --databases thegeekstuff alfresco
Enter password:
thegeekstuff.employee                              OK
alfresco.JBPM_ACTION                               OK
alfresco.JBPM_BYTEARRAY                            OK
alfresco.JBPM_BYTEBLOCK                            OK
..

4. Analyze Tables using Mysqlcheck

The following analyzes employee table that is located in thegeekstuff database.

# mysqlcheck -a thegeekstuff employee -u root -p
Enter password:
thegeekstuff.employee   Table is already up to date

Internally mysqlcheck command uses “ANALYZE TABLE” command. While mysqlcheck is executing the analyze command the table is locked and available for other process only in the read mode.

5. Optimize Tables using Mysqlcheck

The following optimizes employee table that is located in thegeekstuff database.

# mysqlcheck -o thegeekstuff employee -u root -p
Enter password:
thegeekstuff.employee         OK

Internally mysqlcheck command uses “OPTIMIZE TABLE” command. When you delete lot of rows from a table, optimizing it helps to get the unused space and defragment the data file. This might improve performance on huge tables that has gone through several updates.

6. Repair Tables using Mysqlcheck

The following repairs employee table that is located in thegeekstuff database.

# mysqlcheck -r thegeekstuff employee -u root -p
Enter password:
thegeekstuff.employee        OK

Internally mysqlcheck command uses “REPAIR TABLE” command. This will repair and fix a corrupted MyISAM and archive tables.

7. Combine Check, Optimize, and Repair Tables

Instead of checking and repairing separately. You can combine check, optimize and repair functionality together using “–auto-repair” as shown below.

The following checks, optimizes and repairs all the corrupted table in thegeekstuff database.

# mysqlcheck -u root -p --auto-repair -c -o thegeekstuff

You an also check, optimize and repair all the tables across all your databases using the following command.

# mysqlcheck -u root -p --auto-repair -c -o --all-databases

If you want to know what the command is doing while it is checking, add the –debug-info as shown below. This is helpful while you are checking a huge table.

# mysqlcheck --debug-info -u root -p --auto-repair -c -o thegeekstuff employee
Enter password:
thegeekstuff.employee  Table is already up to date

User time 0.00, System time 0.00
Maximum resident set size 0, Integral resident set size 0
Non-physical pagefaults 344, Physical pagefaults 0, Swaps 0
Blocks in 0 out 0, Messages in 0 out 0, Signals 0
Voluntary context switches 12, Involuntary context switches 9

8. Additional Useful Mysqlcheck Options

The following are some of the key options that you can use along with mysqlcheck.

• -A, –all-databases Consider all the databases
• -a, –analyze Analyze tables
• -1, –all-in-1 Use one query per database with tables listed in a comma separated way
• –auto-repair Repair the table automatically it if is corrupted
• -c, –check Check table errors
• -C, –check-only-changed Check tables that are changed since last check
• -g, –check-upgrade Check for version dependent changes in the tables
• -B, –databases Check more than one databases
• -F, –fast Check tables that are not closed properly
• –fix-db-names Fix DB names
• –fix-table-names Fix table names
• -f, –force Continue even when there is an error
• -e, –extended Perform extended check on a table. This will take a long time to execute.
• -m, –medium-check Faster than extended check option, but does most checks
• -o, –optimize Optimize tables
• -q, –quick Faster than medium check option
• -r, –repair Fix the table corruption

Время на прочтение
4 мин

Количество просмотров 25K

MyISAM — основная, вернее, одна из главных (наряду с InnoDB) систем хранения данных в СУБД MySQL. При этом MyISAM таблицы повреждаются очень просто — с этим проблем нет никаких. Сложнее все повреждения ликвидировать, хотя это тоже можно сделать довольно быстро. В этом материале объясняется, как можно решить проблему с использованием myisamchk для идентификации проблемы с MyISAM и ее исправления.

Общеизвестно, что при создании таблицы в MySQL, создаются три различных файла: *.frm — формат таблицы, *.MYD (MyData) — хранение данных, *.MYI (MyIndex) — индекс. Для крупных баз данных стоит использовать InnoDB, поскольку здесь есть некоторая схожесть с Oracle и соответствующая функциональность.

В качестве примера демонстрации ошибки будем использовать вот это:

undef error - DBD::mysql::db selectrow_array failed: Table 'attach_data' is
marked as crashed and should be repaired [for Statement "SELECT LENGTH(thedata)
FROM attach_data WHERE id = ?"] at Bugzilla/Attachment.pm line 344
Bugzilla::Attachment::datasize('Bugzilla::Attachment=HASH(0x9df119c)') called

Понятно, что таблица attach_data повреждена, и ее нужно исправить. Таблицу будем исправлять с использованием myisamchk.

1. Определяем все поврежденные таблицы, используя myisamchk

# myisamchk /var/lib/mysql/bugs/*.MYI >> /tmp/myisamchk_log.txt
 
myisamchk: error: Wrong bytesec: 0-0-0 at linkstart: 18361936
MyISAM-table 'attach_data.MYI' is corrupted
Fix it using switch "-r" or "-o"
myisamchk: warning: 1 client is using or hasn't closed the table properly
MyISAM-table 'groups.MYI' is usable but should be fixed
myisamchk: warning: 1 client is using or hasn't closed the table properly
MyISAM-table 'profiles.MYI' is usable but should be fixed

Если указать вывод myisamchk во временный файл, на дисплее будут показаны только имена поврежденных таблиц. А вот в файле /tmp/myisamchk_log.txt будет указано гораздо больше данных включая имена неповрежденных таблиц:

Checking MyISAM file: user_group_map.MYI
Data records:     182   Deleted blocks:       0
- check file-size
- check record delete-chain
- check key delete-chain
- check index reference
- check data record references index: 1

2. Исправляем поврежденные таблицы, используя myisamchk

Для этого используем myisamchk, с опцией -r, как и показано ниже:

# myisamchk -r profiles.MYI
 
- recovering (with sort) MyISAM-table 'profiles.MYI'
Data records: 80
- Fixing index 1
- Fixing index 2

Здесь может появиться сообщение об ошибке: clients are using or haven’t closed the table properly, в случае, если таблицы до сих пор используются каким-либо приложением или другими таблицами. Для того, чтобы избежать появления этой ошибки, стоит завершить mysqld, прежде, чем начать исправление таблиц. Здесь можно использовать FLUSH TABLES.

3. Запускаем проверку и исправлением для всей БД MySQL

# myisamchk --silent --force --fast --update-state /var/lib/mysql/bugs/*.MYI
 
myisamchk: MyISAM file /var/lib/mysql/bugs/groups.MYI
myisamchk: warning: 1 client is using or hasn't closed the table properly
myisamchk: MyISAM file /var/lib/mysql/bugs/profiles.MYI
myisamchk: warning: 1 client is using or hasn't closed the table properly

-s: выводим только ошибки. Можно использовать двойной -s -s, чтобы сделать режим максимально «тихим»;
-f: автоматический перезапуск myisamchk с опцией -r, есть обнаружены ошибки;
-F: проверка только таблиц, которые не были закрыты в нормальном режиме;
-U: отмечаем таблицы, как поврежденные, если обнаружены ошибки.

4. Использование дополнительной памяти для больших БД MySQL

В случае работы с большими БД восстановление может занять несколько часов. Если есть дополнительные ресурсы, их можно использовать для ускорения процесса:

# myisamchk --silent --force --fast --update-state 
--key_buffer_size=512M --sort_buffer_size=512M 
--read_buffer_size=4M --write_buffer_size=4M 
/var/lib/mysql/bugs/*.MYI

5. Использование myisamchk для получения данных о таблице

При необходимости можно получить довольно много данных.

# myisamchk -dvv profiles.MYI
 
MyISAM file:         profiles.MYI
Record format:       Packed
Character set:       latin1_swedish_ci (8)
File-version:        1
Creation time:       2007-08-16 18:46:59
Status:              open,changed,analyzed,optimized keys,sorted index pages
Auto increment key:              1  Last value:                    88
Data records:                   88  Deleted blocks:                 0
Datafile parts:                118  Deleted data:                   0
Datafile pointer (bytes):        4  Keyfile pointer (bytes):        4
Datafile length:              6292  Keyfile length:              6144
Max datafile length:    4294967294  Max keyfile length: 4398046510079
Recordlength:                 2124
 
table description:
Key Start Len Index   Type                     Rec/key         Root  Blocksize
1   2     3   unique  int24                          1         1024       1024
2   5     765 unique  char packed stripped           1         2048       4096
 
Field Start Length Nullpos Nullbit Type
1     1     1
2     2     3                      no zeros
3     5     765                    no endspace

6. Все опции myisamchk

Для того чтобы получить дополнительную информацию по команде, стоит использовать помощь:

# myisamchk —help

Общие опции:

-s: только вывод ошибок;
-v: вывод большего количества информации;
-V: вывод версии и выход;
-w: ждать, если таблица заблокирована.

Опции проверки:

-c: проверка таблиц на ошибки;
-е: очень «грубая» проверка. Стоит использовать только в крайнем случае, если в обычном режиме ошибки не обнаруживаются;
-F: быстрая проверка, проверяются только таблицы, которые не закрывались правильно;
-С: проверка только таблиц, которые изменились со времени последней поверки;
-f: автоматический перезапуск myisamchk с опцией -r, есть обнаружены ошибки;
-i: вывод статистики по проверенным таблицам;
-m: облегченный режим проверки, быстрее, чем обычный, находится 99,99% ошибок;
-U: обновление статуса: пометка таблиц как поврежденных, если обнаруживаются любые ошибки;
-T: не помечать таблицы как проверенные.

Опции исправления:

-B: бэкап файла .MYD, «filename-time.BAK»;
—correct-checksum;
-е: попытка исправления максимального числа строк в файле данных. Кроме того, эта команда находит «мусорные» строки. Не стоит использовать эту команду, если ситуация не безнадежна;
-f: перезапись старых временных файлов;
-r: исправляет почти все, кроме уникальных ключей, которые на самом деле не уникальны;
-n: принудительная сортировка, даже, если временный файл получается очень большим;
-о: использование старого метода восстановления;
-q: быстрое исправление без модификации файла данных;
-u: распаковка файла, запакованного myisampack.

Одной из ярких причин возникновения ошибок в базе данных может послужить неправильная остановка сервера MySQL. Как это обычно бывает, сбой в электропитании сервера, либо иные причины, повлекшие за собой банальное отключение машины, либо перезагрузку. Иногда, и нередко подобного рода сбои могут повлечь за собой проблемы, которые решаются лишь путем восстановления данных из бэкапа, и это к вопросу для чего нужно делать бэкапы. Наличие ошибок в базе данных может проявиться не сразу, однако если они есть, то вы их рано или поздно обязательно заметите. Проблемы, как правило, проявляются в виде ошибок после запросов к базе, либо база начинает уходить в раздумье на не свойственное для этого время.
Давайте посмотрим, что можно предпринять первым делом, чтобы попытаться исправить ситуацию. Утилита mysqlcheck как правило устанавливается по умолчанию с сервером MySQL может быть использована для проверки баз данных на ошибки. Рассмотрим пример ее использования.

Использование утилиты mysqlcheck

# mysqlcheck -u root -p --optimize --auto-repair --all-databases

Назначение параметров:

--optimize – Оптимизируем все базы.
--auto-repair – Ремонтируем все базы.
--all-databases – Проверяем ошибки у всех баз.

# mysqlcheck -r имя_базы имя_таблицы_в_базе -u root -p

# service mysqld stop

Анализируем базу данных на наличие ошибок

# myisamchk -s /var/db/mysql/наша_база/*.MYI

Обратите внимание, что путь к базам данных у вас может отличаться, этот момент вам следует так же уточнить. Если есть ошибки, то появиться сообщение подобного вида:

myisamchk: warning: 2 client is using or hasn't closed the table properly
MyISAM-table '/var/db/mysql/наша_база/ary_mem.MYI' is usable but should be fixed

Исправляем ошибки с помощью myisamchk

# myisamchk -r /var/db/mysql/наша_база/ary_mem.MYI

Исправляем ошибки по всем таблицам в базе (рекурсивно)

# myisamchk -r /var/db/mysql/наша_база/*.MYI

Процесс исправления ошибок будет сопровождаться подобным выводом сообщений в окне консоли:

- Fixing index 1
- Fixing index 2
- Fixing index 3

После того как ошибки исправлены, можно запустить сервер MySQL, чтобы убедиться что всё в порядке.
Запуск сервера MySQL

# service mysqld start

Хотелось бы отметить один момент, что команды остановки и запуска сервера MySQL, а так же пути расположения баз данных на вашем сервере могут отличаться, поэтому вам так же следует эти моменты учесть.

mysqlcheck is a maintenance tool that allows you to check, repair, analyze and optimize multiple tables from the command line.

It is essentially a commandline interface to the CHECK TABLE, REPAIR TABLE, ANALYZE TABLE and OPTIMIZE TABLE commands, and so, unlike myisamchk and aria_chk, requires the server to be running.

This tool does not work with partitioned tables.

Using mysqlcheck

./client/mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] database [tables]

OR

./client/mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] --databases DB1 [DB2 DB3...]

OR

./client/mysqlcheck [OPTIONS] --all-databases

mysqlcheck can be used to CHECK (-c, -m, -C), REPAIR (-r), ANALYZE (-a),
or OPTIMIZE (-o) tables. Some of the options (like -e or -q) can be
used at the same time. Not all options are supported by all storage engines.

The -c, -r, -a and -o options are exclusive to each other.

The option --check will be used by default, if no other options were specified.
You can change the default behavior by making a symbolic link to the binary, or
copying it somewhere with another name, the alternatives are:

Options

mysqlcheck supports the following options:

Option Files

In addition to reading options from the command-line, mysqlcheck can also read options from option files. If an unknown option is provided to mysqlcheck in an option file, then it is ignored.

The following options relate to how MariaDB command-line tools handles option files. They must be given as the first argument on the command-line:

In MariaDB 10.2 and later, mysqlcheck is linked with MariaDB Connector/C. However, MariaDB Connector/C does not yet handle the parsing of option files for this client. That is still performed by the server option file parsing code. See MDEV-19035 for more information.

Option Groups

mysqlcheck reads options from the following option groups from option files:

Notes

Default Values

To see the default values for the options and also to see the arguments you get
from configuration files you can do:

./client/mysqlcheck --print-defaults
./client/mysqlcheck --help

mysqlcheck and auto-repair

When running mysqlcheck with --auto-repair (as done by
mariadb-upgrade), mysqlcheck will first
check all tables and then in a separate phase repair those that failed the
check.

mysqlcheck and all-databases

mysqlcheck --all-databases will ignore the internal log tables general_log and slow_log as these can’t be checked, repaired or optimized.

mysqlcheck and verbose

Using one --verbose option will give you more information about what mysqlcheck is doing.

Using two --verbose options will also give you connection information.

If you use three --verbose options you will also get, on stdout, all ALTER, RENAME, and CHECK commands that mysqlcheck executes.