Ошибка e302 python

Two blank lines are expected between functions and classes.

Anti-pattern

def func1():
    pass
def func2():
    pass

Best practice

def func1():
    pass


def func2():
    pass

Additional links

• https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#blank-lines

When to Use Two Blank Lines? PEP 8 Style Guide

The following two rules will provide you a sufficient heuristic on when to use two blank lines:

1. Surround top-level function and class definitions with two blank lines.
2. Insert two blank lines after the import statements if the code that follows starts with a top-level function or class definition.

The second rule is a consequence of the first rule so it could be technically ommitted.

When to Use Single Blank Lines? PEP 8 Style Guide

The following four rules will provide you a sufficient heuristic on when to use a single blank line:

1. Use one or more extra single blank lines to separate groups of related functions.
2. Use a single blank line in functions to separate logical sections.
3. Use a single blank line to surround method definitions inside a class.
4. Do not use a single blank line between related Python one-liners.

Let’s have a look at some examples in code next!

Two Blank Lines Top Level Functions

#1.1 – Surround top-level function with two blank lines.

WRONG:

import x

def f():
    pass

f()

CORRECT:

import x


def f():
    pass


f()

One Blank Line Non-Top-Level Function

#1.2 – Surround non-top-level function with single blank lines.

WRONG:

import x


def f():


    def g():
        pass


    g()


f()

CORRECT:

import x


def f():

    def g():
        pass

    g()


f()

Two Blank Lines Top-Level Class Definition

#1.3 – Surround top-level class definitions with two blank lines.

WRONG:

print('hello')

class X:
  
    class Y:
        pass

    class Z:
        pass

print('world')

CORRECT:

print('hello')


class X:
  
    class Y:
        pass

    class Z:
        pass


print('world')

Note that the non-top-level class definitions Y and Z are not surrounded with two blank lines which is correct and in accordance with the rule.

Two Blank Lines Import Statements

While many online sources state that there should be two blank lines after the import statements before the code starts, this is not generally correct. PEP 8 only states that top-level function or class definitions should be surrounded by two blank lines!

PEP 8 doesn’t talk about import statements specifically in regards of insertion of two blank lines!

• If the import block is followed by a function or class definition, you should insert two blank lines in accordance to this rule.
• If the import block is followed by, say, a global variable definition, you shouldn’t insert two blank lines—one is enough!

Import Statements Followed by Two Blank Lines:

The following code snippet exemplifies the correct insertion of two blank lines after the import statement. But the blank lines are not there because of the import statement. They are there because of the top-level function definition of f.

# Correct
import x
import y
import z


def f():
    pass


f()

Import Statements NOT Followed by Two Blank Lines:

The following code snippet exemplifies the correct insertion of only one empty line after the import statement because we define a global variable MY_VAR that is neither a class nor a function definition and, thereby, shouldn’t be surrounded by two blank lines!

# Correct
import x
import y
import z

MY_VAR = 42

The logical implication is that the rule import statements should be followed by two blank lines is incorrect!

Next, we’ll explore some examples where only one single blank line can or should be inserted.

Single Blank Lines

#3 – Use one or more extra single blank lines to separate groups of related functions.

def f1():
    pass


def f2():
    pass


def f3():
    pass




def g1():
    pass


def g2():
    pass


def g3():
    pass

#4 – Use a single blank line in functions to separate logical sections.

def f1():
    print('first')
    print('logical')
    print('section')

    print('second')
    print('logical')
    print('section')


f1()

#5 – Use a single blank line to surround method definitions inside a class.

class X:

    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def x1():
        pass

    def x2():
        pass

    def x3():
        pass


x = X()

x.x1()
x.x2()
x.x3()

A common style error is to surround method definitions by two lines instead of one because people wrongly remember rule #1.

Here’s such a wrong example:

# WRONG
class X:


    def __init__(self):
        pass


    def x1():
        pass


    def x2():
        pass


    def x3():
        pass


x = X()

x.x1()
x.x2()
x.x3()

Too much whitespace!

Do not surround method definitions with two blank lines!

Blank Lines Around One-Liners

#6 – Do not use a single blank line between related Python one-liners.

For example, if you write the specification of three functions for later implementation, you can simply omit the blank lines around one-liner function definitions to avoid too much whitespace in the code.

Like so:

def f1(): pass
def f2(): pass
def f3(): pass

Expected 2 blank lines, found 0 (E302)

Python may raise an error or informational message:

• expected 2 blank lines, found 0 (E302)
• expected 2 blank lines, found 1 (E302)

To fix this error, surround the top-level function or class definitions with two blank lines instead of zero or one to adhere to the PEP 8 style guide.

No! Do NOT Do This:

def f1():
    pass
def f2():
    pass

Yes! Do This Instead:

def f1():
    pass


def f2():
    pass

Here are some quick references for further reading.

References:

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2953250/python-pep8-blank-lines-convention
• https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/#blank-lines
• https://www.reddit.com/r/learnprogramming/comments/tnmhwe/when_to_use_blank_lines_in_python_in_order_to/
• https://www.flake8rules.com/rules/E302.html

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