Ubuntu apt исправить ошибки

Introduction

Linux packages are compressed archives containing programs and files necessary to run them. The package distribution system is designed to be robust and simplify the application installation process.

However, a bad internet connection or misconfigured third-party installers can corrupt packages and cause problems on your system.

This article will show you how to troubleshoot and fix broken packages on Ubuntu using the available APT and DPKG tools.

Prerequisites

• An account with sudo privileges
• An Ubuntu system

Check for Updates

Start troubleshooting by rebuilding the list of dependencies. The --fix-missing option tells APT to ignore missing packages. The option ensures the update process is performed without APT returning an error.

sudo apt update --fix-missing

Force APT to Correct Missing Dependencies or Broken Packages

Missing package dependencies are a common reason for package-related errors.

1. Use apt install with the -f flag to tell APT to locate the missing packages and install them.

sudo apt install -f

APT lists the missing packages on your system.

2. Press ENTER to start the installation.

Force Reconfigure or Remove Broken Packages with DPKG

Broken packages may cause package manager configuration problems.

1. Reconfigure DPKG, the base package management system, with the following command:

sudo dpkg --configure -a

2. Check if DPKG marked some packages as needing a reinstall.

sudo dpkg -l | grep ^..R

3. If the command above returns a list of one or more packages, try removing the packages by typing:

sudo dpkg --purge --force-all [package-name]

The example below shows how to remove the corrupted vlc-plugin-base package.

4. After you finish troubleshooting, run the following command to clean up the system:

sudo apt clean

5. Then update the repositories again:

sudo apt update

Resolve DPKG Lock Issue

The DPKG lock error appears when trying to install a package while another process is using DPKG.

However, sometimes the error occurs even if no other processes are using the package management system.

1. To fix the problem, remove the lock file manually:

sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/lock

2. Also, remove the lock in cache:

sudo rm /var/cache/apt/archives/lock

Deleting the lock enables you to use APT and DPKG again.

Conclusion

The article provided common ways of resolving problems caused by broken packages on Ubuntu.

For more information related to package management on Ubuntu, read:

• How to List Installed Packages on Ubuntu
• A Comprehensive Guide to Using Snap Packages on Ubuntu
• How to Install Deb Files (Packages) on Ubuntu

Ошибки зависимости в Ubuntu возникают, когда пользователи устанавливают сторонний пакет DEB, который они загрузили из Интернета через командную строку, и диспетчер пакетов не может найти правильные зависимые пакеты, необходимые для запуска программы в Ubuntu. Хотя такого рода проблемы возникают все реже и реже в 2019 году, из-за того, что большинство поклонников Ubuntu отходят от DEB в пользу Snaps и Flatpaks, по-прежнему важно знать, что делать, когда возникает подобная ошибка. Итак, в этом руководстве мы покажем вам, как исправить ошибки зависимости в Ubuntu.

Примечание: хотя это руководство посвящено устранению проблем с зависимостями в Ubuntu Linux, информация, которую мы рассматриваем, также применима к Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Zorin OS и любой другой операционной системе, подобной Ubuntu. Если вы используете какой-либо из этих дистрибутивов на основе Ubuntu, не стесняйтесь следить за ним.

Что такое программная зависимость?

Зависимость программного обеспечения — это общий термин, используемый в Linux для обозначения необходимых программ, библиотек, кодеков и других элементов, которые требуются данному приложению для правильной работы. Обычно разработчик обрабатывает эти важные файлы, объединяя их в пакет. Однако иногда разработчики не объединяют зависимости программного обеспечения, а вместо этого полагаются на источники программного обеспечения Ubuntu, чтобы предоставить это им.

Исправление ошибок зависимостей с помощью Apt

Самый простой способ исправить ошибки зависимости в Ubuntu Linux — использовать менеджер пакетов по умолчанию: Apt. Чтобы начать исправление, откройте окно терминала, нажав Ctrl + Alt + T или Ctrl + Shift + T на клавиатуре. После открытия окна командной строки используйте команду ниже, чтобы исправить ошибки.

sudo apt install -f

После выполнения указанной выше команды установки диспетчер пакетов Ubuntu попытается исправить проблемы с зависимостями, с которыми вы столкнулись, и распечатает изменения, которые он собирается внести. Прочтите подсказку на экране, которую распечатывает терминал. Затем, когда вы закончите читать экранную подсказку, нажмите Y на клавиатуре, чтобы продолжить.

Позвольте инструменту упаковки Apt установить различные зависимости программного обеспечения, необходимые для настройки вашей программы. В качестве альтернативы, если Apt не может найти какие-либо недостающие программные зависимости, необходимые для работы, он автоматически удалит приложение. В этом случае попробуйте найти приложение другими способами, а не пакетом DEB.

Исправление ошибок зависимостей с помощью Synaptic

Устранение ошибок зависимостей с помощью Apt и командной строки обычно работает довольно хорошо. Тем не менее, если вы не являетесь поклонником этого метода, есть другой способ: диспетчер пакетов Synaptic.

Чтобы получить доступ к диспетчеру пакетов Synaptic в Ubuntu для решения ошибок зависимостей, вам необходимо установить приложение. Откройте окно терминала с помощью Ctrl + Alt + T или Ctrl + Shift + T. Затем используйте команду ниже, чтобы установить приложение в вашей системе.

Примечание. Synaptic также можно установить, выполнив поиск в Центре программного обеспечения Ubuntu по запросу «Synaptic».

sudo apt install synaptic

После установки диспетчера пакетов Synaptic в Ubuntu запустите приложение и введите пароль пользователя, чтобы получить доступ к приложению. Затем следуйте пошаговым инструкциям ниже, чтобы узнать, как с его помощью решать ошибки зависимостей.

Шаг 1. Найдите в диспетчере пакетов Synaptic кнопку «Поиск» и выберите ее, чтобы получить доступ к функции поиска в приложении.

Шаг 2. Введите имя приложения со сломанными зависимостями в поле поиска. Например, если вы установили пакет Discord DEB, вы должны написать «discord» в поле поиска.

Шаг 3. Просмотрите результаты поиска в Synaptic для приложения с отсутствующими файлами зависимостей и выберите его с помощью мыши.

Шаг 4: Найдите меню «Правка» в окне диспетчера пакетов Synaptic и щелкните его, чтобы открыть параметры внутри. После открытия меню нажмите кнопку «Исправить поврежденные пакеты».

Шаг 5: Найдите кнопку «Применить» и выберите ее, чтобы сообщить Synaptic о необходимости продолжить процесс разрешения зависимостей.

Функция исправления выйдет и соберет все недостающие программные зависимости, необходимые программе. Когда процесс завершен, ваши ошибки устранены, и приложение готово к использованию!

Ошибок зависимости в Ubuntu можно легко избежать, следуя этому простому правилу: устанавливайте программное обеспечение только из официальных источников программного обеспечения Ubuntu. Не поддавайтесь искушению загружать случайные пакеты DEB, если они вам не нужны. Ubuntu имеет огромное количество бесплатного программного обеспечения с открытым исходным кодом и проприетарного программного обеспечения. Не должно быть никаких причин для загрузки пакетов DEB из Интернета (тем более, что многие из них имеют проблемные проблемы с зависимостями).

Иногда необходимо получить программное обеспечение не из источников программного обеспечения Ubuntu. Даже с огромным количеством приложений Ubuntu, которые нужно установить, некоторые ускользают от проблем. Если вам нужно заполучить приложение, которого нет в традиционных источниках программного обеспечения Ubuntu, подумайте о поиске версии Snap или Flatpak, поскольку у них никогда не возникает проблем с зависимостями, и регулярно получайте обновления непосредственно от разработчиков.

Let’s understand this error with an example:

Assume this is the error message:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 nginx-module-brotli : Depends: nginx (= 1.17.3-2-ppa7~bionic)
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

Let’s break it down into variables:

X=nginx-module-brotli
Y=nginx
Z=1.17.3-2-ppa7~bionic

Here X is the package you are trying to install. Y is the package, which is causing dependency troubles (there may be multiple Ys) and Z is the version that is required.

So in a summary:

X needs the package Y with the version Z to work.

However, apt is facing troubles while finding the version Z for Y.

So, let’s check if version Z is available for the package Y. We can use apt-cache policy <package_name> to find the available versions for the package. For example:

 $ apt-cache policy nginx
libasound2:
  Installed: nginx_1.20.2-1~bionic
  Candidate: 1.2.2-2.1ubuntu2
  Version table:
 *** nginx_1.20.2-1~bionic 100
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     1.17.3-2-ppa7~bionic 500
        500 http://br.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages

Here, you can see two versions for the package nginx is available. The version required by X is Z. According to the version table, version Z for the package Y is available. But apt always installs the latest version (I know it’s a little dumb.) So there are two ways to fix this:

1. Install the correct package version.
2. Increase the aptitude of apt.

To install the correct package version use:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install <Y>=<Z>

Where is the package causing dependency troubles and is the version needed by X. Now, the installation should be successful.

To increase the aptitude of your package manager:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install aptitude
sudo aptitude -f install <Z>

Where is the package you are trying to install. Some useful tips with aptitude:

• -f option will do advance troubleshooting. It’s pretty useful!

• selecting n for a solution will make aptitude propose more solutions!

• Running man aptitude will show a detailed manual for using aptitude. Online manual.

Is the package version not available?

First, try running sudo apt update to update the repository list. Then try installing the package again.

Still not available?

You have two options:

1. Search for the package in https://packages.ubuntu.com/ and restore the default repositories.

2. Add custom PPAs to satisfy dependencies.

Searching package and restoring default repositories:-

1. Go to https://packages.ubuntu.com

2. Scroll down to the Search section.

3. In the Keyword column, enter the name of the package.

4. In the Distribution column, select the code name of your Ubuntu version (lsb_release -c).

5. Click on search!
   

6. Select the Exact Hit.
   

7. Check the version and repository for the package.
   

Check if the version needed and version available matches. If yes then refer to How do I restore the default repositories?

Adding a custom PPA.

You have to take help from Google for that. Just google up the package and version and hopefully you’ll find a PPA.

Some helpful commands:

• sudo apt -f install <package> to force install package.
• sudo aptitude -f install <package> To force install package.
• sudo add-apt-repository whatever/ppa to add a PPA.
• sudo apt purge <package> to remove a package.

I’m asking a new question, what information should I provide?

Information such as:

• Your Ubuntu version (output of lsb_release -d.
• Output of sudo apt install <package>
• Output of apt policy <package> and apt policy <package's dependency>

Other details should be provided when asked.

Linux package managers, like Apt and DNF, are extremely powerful and intuitive, but that doesn’t mean things can’t go wrong. Occasionally, a package install goes wrong, and you’re left to pick up the pieces. Package managers have the ability to fix broken packages and skip broken updates to get your system working again and avoid troubles in the future.

This article covers how to fix broken packages in Linux. These fixes should help you get unstuck in most instances.

Fixing Broken Packages in Ubuntu/Mint/Debian

Apt has a couple of flags to fix missing dependencies or packages that broke for one reason or another during install. A common use here would be installing a third-party .deb and finding that it had dependencies you didn’t know about. Those dependencies probably won’t be pulled in on their own, and dpkg will complain that it can’t resolve dependencies. In any case, you can try the following steps:

Note: learn how Apt works before attempting any of the fixes below.

1. Run an update to make sure there aren’t newer versions of the required packages:

 sudo apt --fix-missing update

1. Force Apt to look for and correct any missing dependencies or broken packages when you attempt to install the offending package again. This will install any missing dependencies and repair existing installs:

Fixing DPKG Configuration Issues

Another place where an error can pop up in package installations is the configuration process. Behind the scenes, dpkg takes care of this part, so when a package fails during configuration, dpkg is the tool to fix it.

1. Start by trying to force dpkg to reconfigure any broken or partially configured packages:

1. If that doesn’t solve the problem, take a more forceful approach. Start by listing any packages that dpkg marked as requiring a reinstall:

The above command will show you the packages that cause problems. For this next step, check and make sure that the packages marked for reinstall are really broken. Do a sudo apt reinstall and pay attention to which packages fail to reinstall.

1. For each package that fails to reinstall, get the name and forcibly remove the broken package:

sudo dpkg --remove --force-remove-reinstreq [package name]

1. Dpkg should now be clean. Do a cleanup with Apt:

sudo apt clean && sudo apt update

With any luck, that’ll get you back to where you started. It won’t get you the broken packages that you tried to install, but at least Apt will be functional again, and you can go back to using it to attempt to install the package you were originally trying to install and its dependencies.

Permanent DPKG Lock

There’s a less common issue with dpkg locks preventing you from doing anything. Every time you try to use Apt or dpkg, you get an error saying another application is already using it … when it isn’t.

It’s easy to delete the lock file preventing you from using Apt and getting back to doing what you need to. Sometimes these lock files remain in place after an install error or power outage, derailing the process and preventing the file from being removed automatically. In this case, you’ll need to do it yourself.

sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/lock

For good measure, delete the lock in the cache.

sudo rm /var/cache/apt/archives/lock

Warning: Before removing this lock, make sure that it’s not being used. In Ubuntu, there’s an updater that starts up together with the system that locks DPKG/APT when it’s searching for updates. If you’re unsure whether the updater is running, press your Win key to bring up the Activity Center and type “Software Updater,” then press Enter to open it.

If the updater says that it can’t run, and you have no terminals open with package managers running in the background, go ahead with the above instructions.

If instead of the broken packages issue you are facing an issue with the Software Center not working, we have the fixes.

Fixing Broken Packages in Fedora/CentOS/RHEL

Fixing broken packages in Fedora/CentOS/RHEL is a less common affair. dnf does really great work making sure packages are installed correctly. That said, it’s still not perfect, and things will sometimes get mixed up in package management.

Note: learn the differences between Fedora, CentOS and RHEL.

1. List Troublesome Packages

The command to sort this out on RHEL-based systems like Fedora is:

The -V option is to verify, meaning it will go through and compare information on the installed files with the information stored in the rpm database. Attaching -a to this just verifies all core packages. This is slightly unhelpful, as it will usually give you a long list of files, but it can give you somewhere to start if you’re having issues with a particular application.

For example, seeing something marked as “missing” in your terminal will tell you that there are missing files in that particular package.

2. Attempt a Reinstall

Run a dnf reinstall on any packages you see in that list that might be giving you trouble.

sudo dnf --refresh reinstall [package name]

That will set all metadata as expired, so it will crawl through every repository you have enabled and look for a new version of that package. If you find that there are broken dependencies with that package, DNF will probably complain and tell you to use the --skip-broken flag. This will just skip that package entirely and let you update your system normally.

3. The Last Resort – Remove Packages

If you’ve reached the point where you have to use --skip-broken to complete your updates, it’s more hygienic for your system to remove it entirely.

Remembering the name of the package you failed to properly reinstall, uninstall it:

sudo dnf remove [package name]

The worst that could happen here is that you end up removing a core part of your daily flow, such as your browser, forcing you to find an alternative.

Tip: learn how to use flatpak in Fedora to better manage your packages.

Fixing Broken Packages in Arch

Although Arch’s package manager has some similarities to the others listed here (i.e, it has a database lock file and pulls dependencies in a similar way), it’s an entirely different beast of its own when it comes to how its logic is structured. The first step in diagnosing your issue is to make sure that the repositories are up to date and attempt a full upgrade:

If your attempts to install your package or do a system upgrade are still ending in failure, we have to isolate the cause according to what the terminal told you:

Note: learn how pacman works before you attempt to fix it.

“Invalid or Corrupted Package”

Making changes to “pacman.conf” in any manner can cause issues that cause pacman to incorrectly label packages as corrupt. The most likely culprit here is a partial (“.part”) file in the package manager cache, and your solution is to remove it:

sudo find /var/cache/pacman/pkg/ -iname "*.part" -delete

There’s always a chance that the package you’re trying to install is indeed corrupt and doesn’t provide valid metadata to Arch’s package manager. In that case, you’ll have to wait for the package maintainer to update it. If the package is installed on your system and causing problems during an upgrade, remove it with:

sudo pacman -Rns [package name]

“Unable to Lock Database”

Like Debian’s apt, Arch’s package manager makes a lock file during operations. If you experienced a power outage or pacman experienced a hard interrupt and couldn’t remove the lock, it’s very likely to leave behind a lock file.

First, find out if some process on your computer is still using the file:

sudo fuser /var/lib/pacman/db.lck

In the image above, a process with ID 121497 is using the file lock. If you’re curious about the process and want more information, use ps:

In my case, another pacman instance owns the lock file. The safest way to remove the lock is to first kill that process:

Now that the process is dead, remove the lock file:

sudo rm /var/lib/pacman/db.lck

You’re good to go now!

“Conflicting Files/File Exists in Filesystem”

This happens during upgrades where pacman detects a conflict of ownership. Before fixing anything, pay attention to the path to the file that the package manager is complaining about.

To find out who owns the file:

pacman -Qo [path to the file]

If it’s owned by a user and not another package, just remove it:

sudo rm [path to the file]

If it’s owned by another package, the safest thing to do is wait for the package’s maintainer to fix this conflict themselves. Sometimes that’s not an option, though, and you want to get things done now.

The simplest way to accomplish this is using the --overwrite flag in pacman. Just know that this is generally unsafe and could lead to some applications not working correctly in your system. I suggest making a backup prior to running this.

The --overwrite flag allows Arch’s package manager to ignore ownership rules for a particular file and just steamroll through the update. Example:

sudo pacman -Syu --overwrite [file name]

If the above command doesn’t work, replace the file name with its absolute path. Some users have reported that removing the leading slash (“/”) in front of the path makes the command work when it’s being stubborn.

Alternatively, you could also just tell pacman to overwrite everything it needs to:

sudo pacman -Syu --overwrite='*'

“Invalid or Corrupted Package (PGP Signature)”

In some packages that are poorly maintained, the developer may not have the time or willingness to properly update the digital signature that certifies their package. This will eventually result in a message in your terminal while trying to install it, such as, “signature from [someone] is marginal trust,” followed by the package manager asking if you’d like to delete the file.

Because signature updates depend entirely on the maintainer, there’s nothing you can realistically do to fix the situation from your terminal. If you’re doing an update and want to keep the package, use the --ignore flag for that package in particular:

sudo pacman -Syu --ignore [package name]

If you get this for many packages, your keyring might be out of date. Update it with:

sudo pacman -S archlinux-keyring

Frequently Asked Questions

Image credit: Flickr. All screenshots by Miguel Leiva-Gomez.